Paideia 2006

(last edited 4/20/06)
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Overview

08:00 - 09:00: Registration in Ratcliffe Hall
08:00 - 09:00: Breakfast, Regatta's
08:30 - 09:00: Opening Remarks by Dr. Richard Summerville and Dr. Douglas Gordon, Regatta's
09:00 - 10:40: Presentations, Ratcliffe Hall
10:40 - 11:00: Coffee Break
11:00 - 12:20: Presentations, Ratcliffe Hall
12:30 - 13:00: Lunch, Regatta's
13:00 - 13:50: Keynote Speech (Regatta's): Dr. John A. Weinberg, Senior Vice President and Director of Research, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
14:00 - 15:40: Presentations, Ratcliffe Hall
15:40 - 16:00: Coffee Break
16:00 - 17:20: Presentations, Ratcliffe Hall
Poster Session: 10:00 - 12:00 (attended by authors), 12:00 - 16:00 (independent viewing), Lobby, Ratcliffe Hall

Schedule

9:00 - 10:40 (George Zestos , UGRC contact)
11:00 - 12:20 (Phillip Hamilton , UGRC contact)
14:00 - 15:40 (David Pollio , UGRC contact)
16:00 - 17:20 (Gregg Lloyd , UGRC contact)
10:00 - 12:00 (attended by authors); 12:00 - 16:00 (independent viewing) (Tarek Abdel-Fattah , UGRC contact)

1. Definition of unfaithful behavior in personal relationships
Patricia Ahn, Michael Lewis
Many couples believe in and practice sexual fidelity. While having sex is noted as the chief violation of primary relationships, it is an ambiguous term making it unclear in relating it to unfaithful behavior. Many also find emotional involvement with others as being unfaithful which adds to the confusion of what people define as being unfaithful in personal relationships. An appropriate definition of what constitutes as being unfaithful behavior in personal relationships is fitting to reinforce the plethora of studies concerning this area of research.

2. Transvaluation in Nietzsche and Taoism
Jaclyn Trono, George Teschner
In spite of geographic and chronologic distance, the philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche and Taoism have much in common. The most fundamental similarity is a mutual emphasis on transvaluation. Transvaluation is the revaluation of values or ideas in a way that repudiates accepted standards. In the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, transvaluation is found in his defiance and demotion of traditional morality and values in favor of a revamped and more transitory axiology that affirms life. NietzscheÕs overman is capable of going beyond the traditional ideas of good and evil and affirming himself through the creation of his own values. In Taoist literature such as the Chuang Tzu and the Tao Te Ching, transvaluation figures strongly in the emphasis on the relativity of all distinctions and the consequent unity of being. For the man who follows the Tao, there are no longer the valuations of good and bad, and even the superiority of life over death comes into question. Both philosophies highlight transvaluation as the most important step in the path to higher understanding, but the details of Nietzschean and Taoist philosophy differ considerably.

3. Reducing uncertainty in order to win the hearts and minds of the Iraqi people
Cody Zimmerman, Vernon Harper
This study looks at how communications theory, in particular uncertainty reduction theory as it relates to intercultural communications, relates to the battle for hearts and minds in Iraq under the current U.S. occupation. By looking at the battle of ideas from a communications perspective, this study shows why the U.S. is losing the war of words and what it can do to remedy the situation, by using the ideas presented in uncertainty reduction theory and intercultural communications. The solutions presented are intended to aid the U.S. in effectively getting out its message to Iraq and the Middle East as a whole, and to aid individual soldiers in their efforts to establish goodwill with the Iraqi citizens and fight the ever more deadly insurgency.

4. Socialization of home schooled children: explored through uncertainty reduction theory
Crystal Hamlett, Vernon Harper
This paper seeks to understand the differences between public schooled children and homeschooled children by examining their behaviors and attitudes through the uncertainty reduction theory. Homeschooling is a social movement rapidly increasing in our society. An institution once stigmatized as 'colt-like' it is now highly accepted. A look into the successes of those who have been homeschooled and applying them to uncertainty reduction allows one to argue that those who are homeschooled are at a better advantage during social changes.

5. "I DO" But I Don't Know Why
Julie Brubach, Linda Baughman
This research paper attempts to answer the question, "how do college students' views of marriage meet or contradict society's cultural expectations of traditional marriage?" In this pilot study, I conducted a focus group with five female CNU students, and was able to determine that while the ideology surrounding marriage has changed significantly, the importance that college students place upon the institution is still very strong. The literature review examines the history of marriage, monogamy, feminist and religious influences. The acceptance of marital alternatives, such as open marriage and cohabitation, are also addressed in the literature review, as well as in the focus group.

6. Vampires in propaganda and film in Weimar and Nazi Germany
Jessica Bargar, Sharon Rowley
According to most history books, World War II began in 1939 with Hitler's successful conquest of Poland (Leopard 1). We remember the military movements; the physical attacks on other countries, ethnic groups, and religions. It is the visible phenomena that we remember. However, the internal assault began years before Germany had a viable army, or even Hitler as a leader. German popular culture began showing aggression even in the Weimar years. Films such as Nosferatu and Jew Suss distributed anti-Semitic messages to German audiences and the greater world, bolstering the political scapegoating of the Jewish people in reaction to the Axis defeat in World War I. In the decades immediately prior to and during the Second World War, propaganda and popular films promoted the idea of the Jewish people as economic and social vampires, which aided the apathy with which reports of the Holocaust were received.

7. Positive permanency: connection for American society through functionalism in the wonder years
Kimberly E. Davis, Vernon Harper
It is important to find the positive affects of mass media upon the social process, since it is a common ground for American society. It is true that the media function in differing roles to different people. However, it is through speculation of these differing roles that mass media serve to connect Americans. The creators of "The Wonder Years" sought to create a show that addressed the universal experiences faced by people of all time eras in the hopes that something positive and of use would be taken from its content. Not everyone can identify with every aspect of Kevin's life, his family or his time era, but if the time is taken to really look at Functionalism's role in what the show presents, everyone can find a common connection.

8. Social and Emotional Factors Related to Students' Success
Jennifer Vencill, Diane Malaspina
Students rely on social coping skills and resilience in order to survive the stressful transition from high school to college. Those perhaps hit hardest by the pressures of college are undergraduates involved in an Honors Program. Due to the expanded expectations and opportunities of Honors programs, students may be more vulnerable to stress, depression, and anxiety. The majority of literature in the field of gifted and talented students focuses only on a K-12 population of students. The current study will examine freshman Honors and non-Honors students and their various coping strategies, as related to the transition to college. This work may have future implications for university retention, campus counseling centers, and academic advising.

9. Uncertainty reduction in patient-physician intercultural communication
Rebecca McClelland, Vernon Harper
Health care disparities in ethnic and racial minorities are plaguing individuals across the country. The patient-physician relationship is an integral component to the health care experience and therefore the issue of intercultural communication in this interaction is important to examine. Uncertainty Reduction Theory is utilized in this paper to explain the issue of patient-physician intercultural communication. A review of literature is conducted in order to form a solid understanding of Uncertainty Reduction Theory and analysis of the issue is included in order to integrate the theory with the issue of patient-physician intercultural communication. In conclusion it is found that in order to improve health care the level of uncertainty that exists in the patient-physician relationship must be reduced and this can be achieved by better educating health care personnel on sources of uncertainty that exist in the communication setting as well as how that uncertainty may be reduced.

10. Small Business Institute Business Research Project Dishworks
Karl Hedlund, Felissa Jeter, Stephanie Bardwell
Under the direction of Dr. Bardwell, Director of the Small Business Institute at Christopher Newport University, our team worked with Ms. Ann Martellos, owner of Dishworks, LLC in Newport News, to provide her with solutions to improve her business. Our research included interviewing Ms. Martellos using the CIA Technique, gathering business data provided by Dishworks, conducting both market analysis, student- and customer-surveys, and developing an analysis of its competitors' Websites. Research analysis combined with the analysis of a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) matrix, allowed us to target the needs of Dishworks. The recommended improvements for Dishworks are financial templates, website, marketing plan, and an employee handbook. In addition, we are providing Ms. Martellos with "One Dozen Low Cost/No Cost Improvements. This project encompasses the process of researching, and analyzing opportunities for improvements for Dishworks. The project was completed in a limited time in which to complete the project. This project has helped us to enhance our skills in taking on real life business challenges.

11. Real Estate Sales; Practice and Preference Reproducing Existing Social Arrangements
Anthony Reyes, Michael Lewis
Real estate discrimination has played a major part in restricting many Americans from reaching their dream of owning their own home. The government began to take notice in this national inequality in 1968 and created the Fair Housing Act, also known as the FHA. Over the years new protected classes of people have been added to this list and today these laws makes it illegal to discriminate in real estate based on ones race, gender, marital status and/or physical or mental disabilities. Despite the presence of the FHA laws, they are routinely violated resulting in unequal housing patterns. In past studies, race was used as an independent variable from the buyerÕs point of view showing that it is a great predictor in withholding certain groups from many real estate resources. In this study, I view race as a factor in real estate transactions from the real estate salespersonÕs point of view. For this I interviewed six real estate agents, three males and three females. They were all asked a series of questions pertaining to real estate dealings and methods. I then studied their answers to look for signs of discrimination and also for unintended findings for discrimination based on personal characteristics.

12. Sedimentation rate from high development areas of Lake Maury
Preston Burke, Jonathan Short, Gary Whiting
Lake Maury is an urbanized lake located in Newport News, Virginia. This lake is on the property of The Mariners Museum. In recent years there has been development throughout the watershed. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of sedimentation on the lake. This was measured using a funnel trap that was developed for this study. The specifics of this trap will be presented. As the sediment settles to the bottom, the traps collect the particulates. The traps are arranged in a triangle, each trap is five meters apart. These sampling triangles were located in areas of high interest by the Mariners Museum for sedimentation loading as well as areas in the lake with potentially lower sediment input. The collected sediment was brought to the lab, filtered, dried, and weighed. Results indicate sedimentation rate spatially varies across the lake. Impact by various activities around the lake on sediment loading will be discussed. The traps were redeployed so that future study can be conducted on the lake at a later date.

13. Towards more robust and efficient design and simulation of digital circuits in single-electron transistor technology
Arthur Thomas Grepiotis (graduated December 2005), Costa Gerousis
Single electron transistors (SETs) have attractive properties such as lower power dissipation and high integration density compared to traditional field effect transistors (FETs). SETs have been proposed as a potential candidate for future hybrid SET-CMOS nano-electonic integrated circuit. Herein, we conduct a simulation study of combinational networks in SET technology. C++ programs were used to reduce a truth table and convert it to a NAND-NAND gate implementation to be simulated in Simulation of Nano-structures (SIMON) software package. This reduction technique allows for large combinational circuits to be simulated in SIMON without need to use any Boolean algebra to minimize the logic expression. The C++ program also labels and organizes the gates allowing for each NAND gate to be easily recognized.

14. The Malleus Maleficarum's dissemination of misogyny throughout European society
Nicole Elizabeth Justice, Beth Kreydatus
"What else is a woman but a foe to friendship, an inescapable punishment, a necessary evil, a natural temptation, a desirable calamity, a domestic danger, a despicable detriment, an evil of nature, painted with fair colors!" This quote from Jacob Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer's, The Malleus Maleficarum, demonstrates the level of misogyny women faced during early modern period in Europe. This extremely misogynistic guide to the prosecution and examination of accused witches during the European witch craze was published in fourteen editions from 1487 to 1520, leaving enough copies of this book for every judge to have their own. Because the Malleus joined the charges of sorcery and heresy, the practice of witchcraft became punishable by death in secular and religious courts, which had not been previously been the norm. Armed with a papal bull from Pope Innocent VIII, The Malleus Maleficarum not only demonstrates the obsession with witchcraft during the late Middle Ages and early modern Europe but also how it was a very influential vehicle for the solidification of misogyny in European society. By examining subsequent guides on witchcraft prosecution from the late 1400's and early 1600's, such as the Compendium Maleficarum (1608) and De strigibus. (1523), medieval legal and political literature, women's history in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the history of the European witch hunts, and works on demonology the impact of this guide becomes clear. The misogyny of this book shaped views that Europeans and specifically European courts had about women in their society for many years after its publication.

15. Return to Ulysses - a photo documentary
Megan H.L. Tucker, Tracey Schwarze
Perhaps one of the greatest and most puzzling novels of all time is that of Ulysses by James Joyce. Though the eccentric subject matter tends to boggle the brain, the setting of the novel is very clear. Joyce took much pride in Dublin, Ireland, which is apparent in this text. He makes painstaking details, mapping out the main character's (Leopold Bloom's) travels about Dublin. I had the pleasure of traveling to Dublin, Ireland last summer, and was able to study Joyce's novel, as well as retrace the steps that Bloom would have followed throughout his journey. This photo documentary shows modern society how Dublin was experienced in 1904 through the eyes of Bloom and how it is experienced today, if Bloom were still here to see it.

16. Emotional effects and youth violence
Jessica Green, Michael Lewis
About 1 in 3 high school students say they have been in a physical fight in the past year, and about 1 in 8 of those students required medical attention for their injuries (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002). The information collected from youths who are in grades seventh through twelfth grade that have less connection with their parents and school will be more likely to become violent. Girls will be less likely to be physically aggressive than boys. Youths who have less attention and affection, which means they may not have close relationships to feel loved and wanted by their parents, which may bring them to become more violent with other youths who are more fortunate than them. Youths were measured by Add Health National Longitudinal Survey for Youths. Seventh through twelfth graders, parents, school administrators, and friends were surveyed to find our what has more an effect on youths when it comes to violence more than others.

17. Generating functions for the powers of fibonacci numbers
Dylan P. Terrana, Hongwei Chen
Correlations between Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and the natural world are numerous, but these numbers have equally as many mathematical identities associated with them. One way to examine the identities of the said numbers is by forming generating functions. A generating function is used to determine the numbers in a sequence and is especially useful when the derivation of such numbers is time consuming or near impossible to find. I intend to develop a generating function for the generic power of the Fibonacci sequence in order to simplify the manipulation of the said sequence.

18. Reconstructing tracks in the forward drift chambers of the Glue X detector
Craig Bookwalter, Edward Brash
The Glue X experiment in Jefferson Lab's proposed Hall D will provide a crucial test to modern quantum chromodynamics by searching for particles predicted by QCD models. These new particles are characterized by possessing gluons in excited states, hence the name "Glue X". A full solid-angle acceptance detector has been designed, and custom software must be written for analyzing data taken from this detector. I will discuss my efforts to write a software package to analyze simulated data to produce particle tracks from the forward drift chamber component of the Glue X detector. Software will be developed on the Linux platform, using common free tools such as Eclipse and GCC. The normal emphasis on tracking efficiency will be present, but with an additional focus on speed, as the FDC could be a bottleneck for the rest of the detector analysis.

19. The relationship of individual beliefs and perceptions of democracy: an analysis of European and world values surveys
Jennifer Walle, Peter M. Carlson
The research presented will be a statistical analysis of Clarke and Kornberg's 1994 research where they claim that the feelings one has about democracy will impact the way in which they view the effectiveness of their own democratic government. The two research questions will focus on democratic forms of government and non democratic forms of government in order to make some comparisons based upon the results. The first research question asks whether individuals in a democracy who also favor a democracy actually are satisfied with their government. The second research question will take Clarke and Kornberg's assessment further and ask whether individuals in a non democratic government favor a democracy and are satisfied with their government. The responses given by those under a democracy and under a non democratic form of rule will help to give some insight about all perspectives when it comes to how democracy is perceived by various peoples with different circumstances and backgrounds. This research is pertinent due to the current events that are shaping the world today, such as in Iraq and Afghanistan, where the answers from the research may have implications with special regard to that region of the world and may also be applied to other countries that are not under democratic rule.

20. Differences in auditory and visual working memory
Heidi Jo South, Jamiee Keithley, Stacy Rilea
Research has found working memory to have a limited capacity, roughly seven items (Miller, 1956). Two subtypes of working memory have been identified, visual and auditory memory. Findings in previous research suggest that auditory and visual working memory are independent systems (Segal and Fusella, 1970). This study examined the differences in visual and auditory working memory capacities as well as the independence of these working memory systems. Participants in this study included 77 Christopher Newport University students who were tested individually using the Visual Number Span test and the Auditory Number Span test from the Kit Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests (Educational Testing Services, 1976). Participants were randomly assigned to either the compatible or incompatible condition. Results reveal that regardless of which condition the participants were tested under, they performed best when asked to recall numbers visually. Overall, results support previous research suggesting that the two systems are independent.

21. A preliminary meta-analysis concerning the effects of violence and alcohol treatment on intimate partner aggression
Shannon E. Cashman, Meaghan Null, Thomas D. Berry
The current meta-analysis combined three different studies (N=573), that examined the effects of couples therapy on intimate partner violence. A sample size weighted Cohen's d procedure was used to calculate an overall effect size. Results showed a large Cohen's d effect size (d > 1.00). Findings are discussed from a health intervention by partner sex perspective.

22. Aggression and sex: college students' preference for humor
Ashley L. Hallheimer, Elise Campbell, Jen Rutter, Thomas D. Berry
According to Sigmund Freud, jokes are used as an outlet to release unconscious aggressive and sexual urges in a socially acceptable way. The present study examined whether Freud's theory of humor can be applied to college undergraduates. The results were consistent with the first hypothesis that students would find sexual humor to be funnier than other types of humor. However, the results failed to support the second hypothesis that predicted aggressive humor would be found funnier than other types of humor

23. Reminders of mortality and death and anxiety in college students
Ashley L. Hallheimer, Jen Rutter, Elise Campbell, Thomas D. Berry
According to Pyszcymski, Greenberg, and Solomon (2002) people who live in western cultures are buffered from death. The present study examined whether there is a relation between death experiences, which create mortality reminders, and death anxiety. The results are discussed from a social and developmental perspective.

24. The vampire as a metaphor for seduction in Dracula and "Carmilla"
Erin Phillips, Sharon Rowley
This essay analyzes the evidence in the novel Dracula and the short story "Carmilla" psychoanalytically to demonstrate that the female characters are not simply the victims of the vampires; rather, they are willing participants. Examining the stories in the context of traditional Victorian norms and expectations reveals that the women can be read as suppressing desires that would be viewed as unconventional and horrific to possess openly in the Victorian era. By allowing the women to express forbidden desires, the vampires seduce instead of brutally victimize, as traditionally thought. In keeping with this interpretation, the roles of the vampires can be better understood as a complex metaphor for not only the ways in which the women seek acceptance of their desires and an escape from conventional life, but also for the ways in which their desires are perceived by, and threaten others.

25. Conflicting values: saving the wilderness on public park land
Justin Pritchett, Kip Redick
The National Parks Administration, created to provide pleasure and recreation to the populous, has set two contradicting values as key principles in their organization. On the one hand the National Parks Administration values preservation of the land and its inherent qualities while at the same time desiring to make the parks accessible to as many people as possible. Accessibility, by definition, requiring both development and the presence of humans, is fundamentally counter opposed to the ethic of preservation. This paper explores this values conflict and attempts to asses the success of the administration in accomplishing these two paradoxical tasks.

26. The evolution of public land use in the national parks: a case study of Mount Rainier National Park
Justin Throupe, Kip Redick
March 1st, 1872 marks the day in which the United States established public parks, known at the time as pleasuring grounds, for the benefit and enjoyment of the people with the creation of Yellowstone National Park. Seventeen years later the establishment of Mt. Rainier National Park reaffirmed the nation's intent to set aside certain areas of breathtaking natural scenery and scientific value for the enjoyment of the public. Throughout the years the laws, regulations, and policies of the national parks have changed. This paper involves a examination of the history and philosophy of the National Park System in regards to ethical land use. This examination will answer questions concerning the motivation for the formation of the parks and the expansion of the parks to their present number. To gain a better understanding of how these changes affected land use in the national parks, this paper will focus on changes in park administration at Mt. Rainier National Park. After examining the evolution of National Park policies, specifically those at Mt. Rainier National Park, it will be up to the reader to decide whether the new policies help to fulfill a positive ethic for land use, the original intent of establishing pleasuring grounds for the benefit and enjoyment of the people.

27. Imitation, creativity, and the ethics of recreational land preservation
Chad Hill, Kip Redick
Aristotle writes of the human impulse to imitate nature through art. Creative works though imitative shed new light on the subject. Landscape paintings imitate nature as Creation in an artistic way and become creations in their own right. Because the wilderness has been perceived as unpredictable and dangerous, people have wanted to escape from it or alter it. Landscape art as imitation, employing the creative process, changed people's perceptions of the wilderness and opened the American public to policies of ethical land use management centered on recreation and preservation.

28. Exploring present attitudes of college students regarding extra-relational affairs
Lynanne Hodges, Michael Lewis
While former research gives us a wealth of information about extra-relational sexual involvement, a majority of this research is outdated. The most recent studies were conducted in 1997 and 2000 and were based on secondary research from interviews that were conducted in 1992 and 1994, respectively. Most of the research conducted in this field was collected in the 1970s and 1980s. Obviously, there are societal differences between that era and the present. In addition, most past studies focused on extramarital affairs and the attitudes and behaviors of married couples. There has been little focus on examining extra-relational affairs that occur in committed relationships not involving marriage. Also, there is little research published that targets the population of college students. Due to the changing nature of relationships as a result of generational change, this sampling group should be explored. Attitudes about extra-relational involvement are important to analyze because the research has indicated that there have been changes in its frequency, content, and interpretation over time, thus the reason why the literature indicates so many different variables, some of which might now be outdated. The reason I want to study many of these variables as well as a few additional unexplored variables is that I believe past studies have not acknowledged the fact that many of these variables are probably interlinked across demographics, opportunity for involvement, attitudes and context. In summary, this study is important because it involves updated research, a new sampling group, a new sampling method, and new independent and dependent variables.

29. The reconstruction of Australian aboriginal communities
Lynanne Hodges, Joseph Healey
Rather than forcing the native people of Australia to become like Western society, another initiative needs to be taken by the government in order to improve the way of living for Aboriginal people. The government needs to actively help these communities restructure using the practices of accommodation and acculturation without forcing assimilation. This presentation will analyze current problems in Aboriginal culture and will suggest methods of improving the way of life for Aboriginal people. The presentation will also include a picture presentation of photographs taken on the student's study abroad experience in Sydney and Aboriginal territories of Australia.

30. Christian hedonism
Richlyn S. Ketterman, Kip Redick, George A. Teschner
The paper argues that Biblical Christianity as it was originally intended was hedonistic in nature. Biblical Christianity is Hedonistic because man is required to seek pleasure and happiness in the glorification of God. It is important to understand the nature of man's relationship with God as it is laid out in Scripture. In this paper hedonism is defined as the pursuit of happiness and pleasure as the highest good. The pleasure experienced through Christian Hedonism is eternal and independent of circumstances. Eternal, non-circumstantial pleasure and happiness is called joy. The highest form of happiness and pleasure is that which is found in the infinite and unchanging being of God. There are other aspects of Christianity that are discussed in the paper such as the role of Reconciliation, Belief, Obedience, and Suffering. It is concluded that man's ultimate pleasure and happiness is found in the Glorification of God, and the Glorification of God is the supreme goal of Christianity.

31. American military Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs) and foreign relations with host nations
Braden Harrison, Peter M. Carlson
This policy analysis reviews the concept behind the use of Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA) between the United States and foreign governments. Specific attention is given to the SOFAs that the United States has with Germany and Japan in order to see if there are any major contradiction and similarities. The major question that is being asked is "Does the United States take advantage of and assert dominance over a host nation through SOFA's?" Through court cases involving servicemen in both countries as well as the actual SOFA agreements, this analysis will evaluate this international process and make recommendations for change.

32. The effect of parental modeling on perceptions and actions regarding hand washing and hygiene behaviors
Elise Kari Campbell, Thomas D. Berry
Perception of risk varies from one individual to the next, but the reasons for these variations may come from different sources. Research suggests that females are more perceptive to risky situations and what constitutes risky behaviors. This research was conducted to find out why men and women vary so much in their hygienic behaviors and perceptions. Specifically, this research explored how different sex parents introduce (or model) hygienic behaviors to their children. Defining these sex differences will help researchers understand men and female differences regarding hand washing frequencies and other hygienic behaviors.

33. Is it really possible to improve the preparation for and the response to natural disasters, such as hurricanes?
Jonathan F. Judkins, Peter Carlson
This position paper will discuss natural disaster relief and how it is handled and viewed. As a consequence of the Hurricane Katrina disaster in Mississippi and Louisiana there has been great criticism about the national, state and local planning and response to that natural disaster. It is important to recognize there is always the need to improve and plan for these events. It is also important to realize that sometimes the magnitude is so large that events may be beyond human control. In our culture humans desire to be in control of their surroundings and events and when plans go astray the first reaction is to blame someone. Therefore, in emergency preparation is it fair to say that there are some situations that cannot cost effectively planned for? Viewed through the lens of an event such as Katrina, it seems quite likely that we may never be fully prepared for a disaster of great magnitude that may be thrown at us. We can always expect the worst, but new obstacles do arise that are beyond human control.

34. The constitutionality of detaining suspected terrorists under the USA PATRIOT ACT
Kristen R. Murry, Peter M. Carlson
This position paper reviews Section 412 of the USA PATRIOT ACT. This act calls for the mandatory and indefinite detention of all suspected terrorists when there is suspicion that national security is in jeopardy. The United States is detaining these suspected terrorists but not holding hearings to determine whether they meet the requirements necessary for protections under the Constitution. Because the United States is not determining the status of these suspected terrorists some of these detainees are not being treated in the manner that they are entitled under the Constitution. If the appropriate status of these suspected terrorists is not determined, the United States runs the risk of violating the rights of the suspected terrorists whether or not they are American citizens. The United States has also been detaining these suspected terrorists without charging a number of them with any crime or alleged crimes and many do not know what exactly they are being detained for. This presentation takes the position that the detaining of suspected terrorists indefinitely under the USA PATRIOT ACT violates the fourth, sixth, eighth and fourteenth amendments of the Constitution.

35. Reforms to the Americans with Disability Act - protect the people that are left behind
Michelle Poindexter, Peter M. Carlson
This presentation is a policy analysis of The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This act is intended to "prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, State and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications." There are three major problems with the ADA. First, the definition of "disabled" is not clear in the Act. Second, the Fourteenth Amendment and the Commerce Clause prevents the courts from makes State and local governments pay monetary damages to discriminated parties. Finally, there is no money funded for this Act to aid the States in implementing changes to their facilities and policies. To fix these troubling problems the Congress must review the Act with special consideration to the definition of disabled, Article II, and allocate funds to make it more effective. This analysis reveals that the ADA does not cover the community that it was enacted to represent. This paper proposes several alternatives: change parts of the Act, or change the entire Act. Either way, change is necessary if the ADA is to accomplish its lofty ideals.

36. The international fight over ICANN
Rebecca Casey, Peter Carlson
This paper raises the question of who is in control of the World Wide Web? Some of the leading nations in the United Nations (UN) community would have one believe that United States has control over the internet through the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Many countries within the UN, including the European Union and China, believe that the U.S. is using ICANN to keep their hegemony over the internet by having ICANN contracted through the current coordinating agency, the U.S. Department of Commerce. These leading nations fear that the U.S. will abuse acquired powers through ICANN, thus they would prefer that ICANN be run by an international administration allowing ICANN to be centralized and neutral. An example, of an international organization would the UN. The reasons proposed for this change of control over ICANN are: to create an equal setting for all companies and national governments, to break up the elite few who run ICANN, to keep the internet from fractioning, to stop U.S. control over the internet, to integrate other languages for web addresses, and to allow the UN to have more control. This position paper advocates that the United States must maintain control over ICANN. The reasons supporting U.S. control are: the proliferation of the internet, the quality of free speech, the lack of proof that the U.S. would abuse ICANN, the protection of businesses and national governments that are tied to e-commerce, the setup of ICANN, and the quality of a workable internet system.

37. The effects of the inefficiency of the Virginia Department of Transportation on the Hampton Roads area
Tiffany Slaughter, Peter Carlson
This paper is a policy analysis reviewing the effectiveness of the Virginia Department of Transportation in the Hampton Roads area. Examination of previous research and current problems reveals inefficiency of the organizational structure of the agency. An assessment of the organizational structure of the agency will show how the hierarchal problems of VDOT have directly impacted the Hampton Roads Transportation system. Different solutions are examined to find the most efficient way to improve the problems in our Hampton Roads transportation system. Potential solutions considered are privatization of roads, creation of a third-crossing, and establishment of a mass public transport in the Hampton Roads area.

38. The effects of high-stakes in the classroom
Chris Walick, Diane Malaspina
Since 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) has mandated every state to conduct annual standardized testing from grades third through eighth. This has resulted in a rise in high-stakes testing in America's public schools. The research shows high-stakes testing beneficial in its ability to motivate low-achieving students while forcing improvements on academic curriculums and substandard school systems. Yet, the research suggests the tests are not only unintentionally bias towards lower-income students, but they can also affect the quality of lessons taught in the classroom as well as and cause an increased level of stress and anxiety in both students and teachers. The NCLB Act and high-stakes testing are important agents in education reform, and this paper will review the literature on high-stakes testing while weighing the positive aspects of the movement against the negative aspects.

39. A study of age and its effect on marital satisfaction
Meagan M. Boyd, Michael Lewis
Finding an association between communication, the marital characteristics of romance and companionship, and couples' age and its possible effects on marital satisfaction was the focus of this study. The sample in this study consisted of 8 couples, four of which were college-age and the remaining four, middle-age. I used four research questions which investigated couples' communication styles and frequency and views concerning romance versus companionship. My primary concern in this study was to gather detailed feelings and personal stories from married couples and look for any similarities or differences within the data according to age. The method I used to select the married couples for my study relied on convenience sampling. This type of nonprobability sampling was purposive sampling. I selected the couples to be interviewed based upon my own judgment that they would be the most useful for gathering sufficient feedback about marital satisfaction; they were also readily available for interviewing. To gather meaningful experiences from other people about marital satisfaction, I used qualitative interviewing as my research method. I taped each interview using an audio recorder. Results of this study indicated several general themes regarding communication and romance versus companionship. Most significantly, companionship was agreed to be the most important element for marriage according to all couples interviewed. Middle- age couples mentioned the "empty nest" as being a myth; the romance actually returns to a marriage once the kids have left home. In regards to what individuals characterize as being "romantic," nearly every husband mentioned spending quiet time alone with their wife as romantic. For every couple, speaking face-to-face was the preferred style for communication with their spouses. For college-age couples, money was indicated as an important topic of discussion within their marriage, while middle-age couples tended to give family top priority.

40. The relation between job satisfaction and commitment: a meta-analysis
L. Shea Barksdale, Thomas D. Berry
Many studies have been conducted by organizational psychologists to determine what motivates people in the workplace. Researchers agree that motivation and job satisfaction are related, however mixed results exists. The present meta-analysis was conducted to derive an overall statistic of how job satisfaction and commitment are related. The weighted average value of Cohen's d statistic was used to ensure that various sample sizes were combined. From a total of 700 participants, an overall weighted average value of d was calculated (d = .02).

41. Let's talk family vacations
Ariel Wallingsford, T. Nathaniel French
Family communication research indicates that family rituals and leisure time help to strengthen family identity and communication. Researchers identify family vacations as important family rituals, yet there is little research focused on this particular topic. Consequently, this pilot study looks at how families talk about their vacations. Four families were asked a series of questions about their family vacations in hopes of examining how family vacations impact individual families. Moreover, the words, phrases, narratives and nonverbal behaviors throughout the interview are also taken into account.

42. The representation of the Olympic games
Caitlin O'Brien, Linda Baughman
The medias representation of a sporting event is associated with both information and entertainment. The manipulation of sports into money making attempts and dramatized portrayals has become a major factor in the representation of sporting events because it creates a larger audience. However, when the Olympic Games are covered in a way that tries to compete with other networks running reality television shows such as American Idol and Dancing With The Stars, it loses the traditional image of peace, tolerance, goodwill, and noble amateur sport participation. According to Nielsen Media Research, NBC averaged 20.2 million viewers a night for the recent Winter Olympics Games of Torino, in contrast to the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics which averaged 31.9 million viewers a night and the 1998 Nagano Olympics which averaged 25.1 million viewers a night. The purpose of this study was to dissect the possible reasons why the Games of Torino had such poor ratings. I argue this years Olympic Games did not create the audience it typically does because the Games were not held on American soil, there were not any major scandals even though the behavior of certain big name athletes was far from honorable, and this was the first time the other networks competed against the Olympics.

43. Sex differences in first and second grade children's book choices
Heather Guiffre, Lindsay Martenak, Jennifer Frederick, Kelly B. Cartwright,
Timothy R. Marshall This study examined book choices of 121 first and second grade children for sex differences in genre and content preferences. Past research has shown that girls read more, and both boys and girls think that reading is more appropriate for girls. Additionally, girls like to read fiction whereas boys often choose non-fiction or informational texts although non-fiction or informational type texts are not as readily available in the school setting as fiction texts. Boys are also more likely to observe gender boundaries when selecting a book. Specifically, boys generally choose books with male protagonists whereas girls are generally more gender neutral in their selections. In the current study, children were asked what they "liked to read" and to name their "favorite book(s)." Numbers of book choices and fiction choices did not differ by sex. As predicted, boys were more likely than girls to choose informational texts, boys were more likely than girls to choose books with male protagonists, and girls were more likely than boys to choose books with female protagonists. Implications for children's reading development are discussed.

44. An examination of gender differences in leadership of computer-mediated and face-to-face work groups
Meaghan Null, David C. Karmolinski, Shannon E. Cashman, L. Shea Barksdale, Thomas D. Berry
Both working women and men are engaging in more computer-based communications to solve problems. Traditional forms of problem solving within groups are shifting to new forms of group communication, such as virtual teams or teleconferencing. The present study examines how gender plays a role in a leader's attitudes toward supervising computer-mediated vs. face-to-face groups. Participants will complete Fiedler's Least Preferred Coworker Scale and the Bem Sex Role Inventory and review leadership role-playing situations. Post-task measures will assess whether gender and leadership styles influenced work satisfaction, effort, and sense of effectiveness.

45. Who's afraid of the big bad wolf? An examination of the changing roles of canis lupus in selected fairy tales from the Grimms to Scieszka
Amanda Davis, Dr. Alicia Carter
The brutal extermination of wolves is arguably the most irrational case of intentionally violent destruction of a species in North American and European history. Humans have no justifiable grounds for their centuries-long dread of wolves, as there has never been a recorded account of a healthy wolf attacking a person. Yet the English felt compelled to eradicate the wolves populating their land as early as 1500, and the rest of Europe and colonized North America followed suit in the ensuing centuries. Cogent motives behind the mass extermination of wolves are absent from historical accounts. The irrational fear of wolves that led to their near-extinction seems instead to have had its roots in the depictions of these animals in European folklore, such as the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. Examination and analysis of selected European fairy tales featuring wolves supports this theory, while also shedding light on the surprising changes to the depiction of wolves in modern fairy tales.

46. Developing oral expression in French through songs
Natalie Schoenbrot, Georgeta Georgescu
Music plays an integral part in everyday life. Through music ideas, beliefs, and experiences are projected and discussed. Music is an expression of language and of culture. In addition, music can be used in the development of a foreign language, specifically vocabulary retention, idiomatic expressions and the familiar (slang) aspect of the language. Discussions surrounding cultural aspects and /or issues are brought forth into the foreign language learning through the study of songs. Not only does music provide increased vocabulary retention but also the ability to gain a better understanding of "la vie quotidienne" and the foreign culture. This presentation will analyze the effectiveness of using music as part of foreign language acquisition.

47. Applying commercial XML firewall technology in multinational military networks
Marshall Huss, Anton Riedl
With the increase of more economical and flexible web service technology, military organizations are adopting Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) concepts in the interest of improving information exchange. Web services are being envisioned to provide interoperability between US DoD systems and those of its multinational partners via XML vocabularies. As military systems become more service oriented, the need for secure web services arises. The use of XML firewalls shows promise for establishing secure routing and information exchange by providing an array of tools to filter data and to verify the integrity of information exchanged in these environments. In June of this year, we will be exercising and assessing commercially available XML Firewall technology in a multinational, military experiment called the Coalition Warrior Interoperability Demonstration (CWID). CWID is conducted annually to explore potential technological solutions to facilitate information exchange in multinational, military networks. This presentation will provide an introduction to XML Firewall technology and discuss the lessons-learned from our experimentation effort

48. Elie Wiesel's identity and the Holocaust
Emily Noa Useem, Jean Filetti
Although Elie Wiesel's Night may appear to be a little book, it speaks volumes in it's prose. The language and structure choices Wiesel employs reflects the state of his identity. Prior to his detainment, Wiesel employs a variety of sentence structures and also uses words which reflect that he is in a psychological state called identity achievement. When Wiesel enters the concentration camps, his identity is tested and stripped away. His language and structure choices reflect this change as well as his tone. By the end of Night, Wiesel is without an identity. However, Wiesel's father manages to save his life which gives him the chance to create a new identity, one which is stronger than his previous identity.

49. Trade and GDP growth: the cases of the United States and Canada
Angela Shin, George Zestos
This study examines the relationship between trade and GDP growth in the United States and Canada. It is known that in some countries, an increase in trade leads to a GDP growth while it is vice versa for others. Many studies indicate that a positive correlation exists, while other studies support the idea of no correlation between trade and GDP growth. To carry out the present study, the author relies on the annual time-series data of the United States and Canada to test the causal relations between the two economic variables, trade and GDP in each country. The data sets are constructed from 1948 to 2004 and are transformed to real imports/exports as a percentage of GDP. Within the framework of Cointegration and the Vector Error Correction Models, Granger Causality tests are performed on the two data sets. This study is an expansion of an existing study of Dr. George K. Zestos and Dr. Xiangnan Tao, titled "Trade and GDP Growth: Causal Relations in the United States and Canada." Based on the data obtained from 1948 to 1996, the above study found that the causal relations between trade and GDP growth were much stronger for Canada than the United States. Varying degrees of openness of the two countries play an important role for the derivation of such results. Canada is more dependent on imports and exports than the United States. The present study examines a larger interval of data and aims to scrutinize the robustness of the results to the sample size. This study also incorporates a new variable to the model, in addition to the three endogenous variables of the existing study, to examine the effect of one country's GDP growth to the other.

50. The effects of father absence on social and emotional issues as an adult
Anna Richter, Timothy Marshall
This is a theoretical article considering the effects of father absence due to divorce or otherwise on social and emotional development into adulthood. It would be expected to find that father absence has a negative impact on social and emotional development into adulthood. Future research should be conducted as a necessary means of finding proactive measures that can be taken to limit the potentially long-term developmental problems children with absent fathers face when they are young.

51. An analysis of housing choices on a college campus
Justin M. Yates, Michael Lewis
In today's society, residential segregation is one of the last remaining forms of discrimination in the United States. While past research indicates that this is from racial barriers created by opposing ethnic groups, I argue that this is a result of differences in socialization and what is valued in a living environment. These differences lead students to perform a cost-benefit analysis of their housing choices and there are many factors that influence these choices. The present research focuses on housing choices in the private and public sector; however, little, if any research, has been conducted on the housing choices of college students. This research focuses on the controlled environment of a college campus in hopes of finding variables related to choice that determine housing choices.

52. Voluntary Cooperation
Nicoll Knudsen, George Teschner
The thesis of the paper is that the solution to oppressive governments is voluntary cooperation in place of law. The paper will rely primarily on the political thought found in ancient Confucianism and Toaism. Voluntary cooperation is an idea that suggests human coexistence without a legislative governing body. These types of societies already exist in many places of the world, although their population sizes are much smaller than the larger ones that rely on statute. Voluntary cooperation suggests the acceptance of an internal decision by the individual to choose to act towards and in accordance with the general will of his or her society. Rousseau's idea of the general will supports the thesis of the paper in so far as the general will is something that is held in common with the individuals of a society. This idea expresses the view that man is inherently benevolent and capable of displaying a more compassionate nature than the malevolence that is so often associated with human conduct, such as Hobbes would suggest. Confucian views, such as those of Lao Tzu and Mencius support the view that man is benevolent in his state of nature; they also do not suggest using law to govern man. Voluntary cooperation is built upon an agreement which takes into account the general will and not the rule of the majority over minority. The failure of communities large and small can be traced back to a failure in judicial systems. The concept of ãvoluntary cooperationä will also be discussed in the context of Marxâs analysis of economics and the dialectic of history.

53. The effect of nonylphenol on spatial memory in Betta splendens
Kristina Potter, Andrew Velkey
The purpose of this proposal is to examine the effects of nonylphenol on spatial memory in Betta splendens. Previous research has found that estrogen imitators, such as nonylphenol, have an effect on spatial memory in rats, which leads to the belief that nonylphenol may have the same effects on spatial memory in other species. Bettas will complete the radial arm maze in an attempt to forage for their daily food. A sample of 18 Betta splendens will be used in this experiment; a total of 6 Bettas will randomly be placed in the control group, 6 Bettas will be placed in the 5.9 µg/l nonylphenol group, and the remaining 6 Bettas will be placed in the 14 µg/l nonylphenol group. The Bettas in the 14 µg/l group are expected to make the most errors and have the longest time to completion while foraging for food whereas the control group is expected to make the least amount of errors while foraging for food.

54. Morality without religion
Russ Mitchell, George Teschner, Richard Beauchamp, John Hoaglund
The paper argues that theology is irrelevant to the determination of moral values. Humans as rational beings are fully capable of realizing what ultimately is right or wrong independent of any divine revelation. Reason is sufficient for determining moral values. This is supported by a number of ethical theories such as utilitarianism, Kant's categorical imperative, and the Golden Rule, all of which are secular in nature. The paper also asserts that religion, as a foundation for morality, leads to problems. There are many conflicting religions, none of which can ever be proven be true or false; it then becomes a clear issue of choosing which one to follow. Finally, the paper states that acting morally for the sake of getting into heaven or avoiding eternal damnation is not an adequate motivation. Religious morality either is immature because it is motivated by fear of punishment, or is morally mature because it is motivated by reason, and therefore secular in nature.

55. Designing scenery for The Pragmatists, visionary playwright Stanislaw I. Witkiewicz's early attempt to bring to life his theatrical theory of Pure Form, in which a work's formal elements take aesthetic precedence over its narrative content
Sam Shelton, George Hillow
20th century Polish playwright Stanislaw I. Witkiewicz (1885-1939) also known as Witkacy, created the theory "Pure Form" which is the belief that art should in all forms come from within man, being aesthetic and not conforming to society's expectations of formal elements. For the theater this means that color, sound and movement assume equal importance to the spoken dialogue. Thus the actor, freed from the imitation of reality, acquires an autonomous creative role. Not only a playwright, Witkiewicz was also a unique figure in Polish and European culture between the two World Wars. He was a dramatist, poet, novelist, painter, photographer, art theorist (from 1919 onwards he was one of the most representative members of the poetic and artistic avant-garde in Poland, together with Witold Gombrowicz and Bruno Schulz), and last but not least an acute and eccentric philosopher. Witkiewicz's theory and artwork speaks volumes to me about the transition art has made for the past two centuries and continues to make today. For a Senior Thesis I undertook to study Witkacy and his artwork, to do as a paper project the enjoyable task of designing a set for one of his plays. This idea of "Pure Form" supports my own idea that the visual aspect of the set of a play has great importance. I chose The Pragmatists, one of his earliest attempts to bring "Pure Form" to the stage, because I feel his play and my set design inspired form his artwork attempt to exemplify his "Pure Form" theory. This project has brought me closer to him as an artist and helped me to bring together all I learned during my years here at CNU with my own personal believes about art's connection and rejection of society's expectations.

56. Freedom and determinism
Amir Sabry, George Teschner
Utilizing Buddhist ideas, the philosophy of David Hume and Immanuel Kant, and the psychology of B.F. Skinner, the issue of freedom and determinism will be evaluated comparatively. The paper focuses on the practical issue of moral responsibility in the debate between the positions of freedom and determinism. The theoretical arguments that support both sides are persuasive and comprehensive. However there is no inconsistency that all human behavior is causally determined. Theoretical freedom is existentially irrelevant because the ideas of freedom and accountability have practical implementations which need not be concerned with the ontological status of freedom. We are perhaps determined to believe we are free, but the belief in freedom is necessary for personal morality and social justice.

57. Portia's role as a woman
Danielle Hartman, Denise Gillman
By the end of The Merchant of Venice, after asserting her power, Portia learns that it is in her best interest to submit herself to a man, yet knows she still has the power to take control of her own life and it is her role that keeps the play from turning into a tragedy instead of a dark comedy. To focus on her role as a woman in the play, the paper focuses on women's role in the Renaissance and how it affects Portia and Portia's three major events, the casket scenes, court scene, and the ring scene, and put the two together to find the significance of her role as a woman in the play. Most criticism on Portia focused on the theme of mercy and justice and how the men in the play cannot represent both while Portia represent the fusion. Because of this, most criticism focuses on Portia's role as a breeches. This paper focuses on her role as a woman. Another difference between men and women discussed in the paper is the difference between the peaceful female dominated Belmont, similar to Queen Elizabeth's rule and the moral duplicity male dominated Venice, similar to Henry VIII's rule. To connect these ideas the paper focuses on how Portia must bend the rules of society in each scene so that her power and intelligence can be accepted. For example she must dress as a man when she goes to the Venice court. Shakespeare's plays typically leave the audience with a sense of hope and it is Portia's fusion of mercy and justice that leads to her victory in the court scene that gives hope to the audience.

58. The importance of similarity in interpersonal attraction
Amanda LaGesse, Dr. Michael Lewis
One cannot watch television without seeing advertisements for internet-dating websites. Today, millions of people create profiles and search the internet for their "perfect" mates. Previous research has found that similarity, peer evaluation, altruism, and agreeableness (among other things) are all related to interpersonal attraction. In terms of similarity, however, what matters? Through a content analysis of (400) profiles from Match.com, an internet-dating website, similarity has been examined further to determine whether likeness holds to be important in areas such as ethnicity, faith, education, and wanting children.

59. The changing roles of women in Dracula
Kayleigh Hearn, Sharon Rowley
Bram Stoker's 1897 novel, Dracula, is inarguably the most influential piece of vampire fiction ever written. Multiple retellings, including Tod Browning's famous 1931 film version, have transmitted and transformed the basic story, and carried along with them the contention over whether or not Dracula can be considered a feminist work. Although the genre(s) of horror film and fiction are not usually examined to better understand history and social issues, comparing these two works reveals a surprising amount of cultural and historical information. This paper reconsiders the feminist debate in the novel and the film and looks specifically at the principal female characters, Lucy Westenra and Mina Harker, in relation to their changing historical contexts. In the novel, Lucy and Mina represent the Victorian polarities of the maternal idea versus the New Woman. While some scholars have criticized the novel as blatantly sexist with attacks on female sexuality, others praise the portrayal of Mina as surprisingly progressive for the Victorian era, due to her uncommon skills and active roll in defeating the count. Browning's film alters the roles of these characters significantly: he reverses them in a way that reflects the post-WWI backlash against women in the workforce and forces them to play a much more docile role in the story. This paper demonstrates how Stoker's original novel is comparatively more progressive in its depiction of women. The contrast between novel and film lets us see that the history of feminism did not always move forward in a linear fashion, but remained contingent upon and intertwined with larger cultural forces as reflected in unexpected media: a pulp fiction novel and a horror film.

60. 4-Nonylphenol (C₁₅-H₂₄-O) Decreases the Maintenance of Bubble-Nests in Male Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens)
Heather Sutton, Molly Matthews, Aneta Leczycki, Jessica Parker, Rebecca McGowan, & Tarek Abdel-Fattah, Andrew Velkey
The current experiment examined the effects of the endocrine Disruptor 4- Nonyphenol (4-NP) on bubble nesting in male Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens). 6 fish served as controls, 6 fish were exposed to 5.9 µg/l of 4-NP, and 6 fish were exposed to 14 µg/l of 4-NP. The size and quality of bubble nests were measured twice daily for 28 days. Maintenance of bubble nests decreased at the highest level of 4-NP. Future water quality criteria should take behavioral disruptions into account in the determination of the toxicity of xenoestrogens.

61. Popular vampirism as a sociological window
Philip Leclerc, Sharon Rowley
"Popular Vampirism as a Sociological Window" considers social critiques presented in Bram Stoker's Dracula, a fiction novel, and Robert Bierman's Vampire's Kiss, a fiction film. Both works are considered with respect to sociological constructs presented by authors Edward Stewart and William J. Bennett in American Cultural Patterns, in which they argue that cultures can be categorized largely based on their emphasis on the individual or group. In addition, Stoker and Bierman's works are discussed within their historical and ideological contexts. Both were found to exhibit very different, but significant parallels to both their respective time periods and the cultural constructs proposed by Stewart and Bennett. Ultimately, the vampires of Stoker's and Bierman's popular fiction support Stewart and Bennett's theory of culture by offering cultural insights consistent with the individualistic versus communitarian split anticipated by Stewart and Bennett.

62. Broadening textual horizons
Thomas J. Carrico, Jr., George Teschner
Most of the history of literary theory has been spent with the author's intention for a text as the determining factor of its meaning. With the anti-authorial intent movement climaxing with the publishing of Roland Barthes' "Death of the Author," and Michel Foucault's "What is an Author?" the idea of authorial intent lay in shambles. The battle was between views such as those expressed in the works of E.D. Hirsch, where the author is the creator of textual meaning, and those which stripped the author of all authority to create meaning within a text. While early theorists viewed authors as individuals capable of conveying their revolutionary thought through the medium of the written word, more modern thinkers sought to tear down the individual and prove that every aspect of the individual was socially constructed. While some sought to distinguish one correct meaning of the text, authors like Barthes and Foucault placed the language in a position where it was considered so powerful that the words could speak all meanings commonly associated with them - providing for several individual interpretations of a text. While, originally, unintended meanings of a text were excluded as incorrect, the modern schools of thought brought those underlying meanings to the forefront of their argument against the notion of a single correct meaning. This paper seeks to draw out the positive aspects of both sides of the argument and argue for a balance between these two opposing views. With the scales tilted in favor of the modern thinkers, this paper will focus on re-empowering the author while still utilizing the ideals associated with empowering the reader as well. Through neither of these theories will one find the true meaning of a text, rather through a combination of both that a text can most appropriately be understood.

63. Breaking the code: The enigma of Alan Turing
Annie Ferenbach, Denise Gillman
English mathematician Alan Turing greatly contributed to our cracking of the German Enigma code during World War II utilizing his passion for computers, which was a major factor in the allies' eventual defeat of Nazi Germany. Hugh Whitemore's play Breaking the Code helps to illuminate for us not only why Alan Turing is so little known, but what the man himself was really like. We do know that Alan Turing was an unashamed homosexual, which was a dangerous thing to be in England during his lifetime. He was criminalized and his life was destroyed because of the country's legal standing on homosexuality at the time. Whitemore's very title, Breaking the Code, in its own way explains to us why we do not know Alan Turing. He broke a top-secret code, the Enigma Code, but he also broke a very important social code, and was thus brutally punished by his country. As a man, Alan Turing fits the definition of an enigma perfectly. American Heritage Dictionary's definition reads, "One that is puzzling, ambiguous, or inexplicable." The real man and Whitemore's character of Alan Turing embodies these three adjectives and more. He behaves wildly different around different characters, and is so far removed from conventional societal behavior that he is truly in a class by himself. Though we all show different faces to the different people in our lives, Alan's contrasting behavior is so stark and sudden that it must give us pause. Alan Turing lived a life shrouded in secrecy, yet defiantly honest. His homosexuality defied his country's laws and moral values, yet he devoted himself whole- heartedly to the war effort. Through analysis of Turing's personality and interaction with those around him in the context of Whitemore's play, I hope to shed more light and clarity on this man.

64. Bridezilla: rotten with perfection
Tyler FitzHugh, T. Nathaniel French
The current research looks at InStyle Weddings magazine to discover recent changes in the representation of weddings from 2001-2005. It is argued that weddings have become more extravagant in recent years. This increased attention to the extravagance of the wedding ceremony has had the net effect of diverting the attention from the concept of marriage to the planning of a grand party. This diversion becomes problematic for our culture, because couples began to strive for the "perfect" wedding and lose sight of the meaning behind the ceremony. The magazine's goal is to allow it's readers to plan the "perfect" wedding; a notion that is accentuated by the celebrity influences throughout the magazine. The idea of perfection is explained in the current research by Kenneth Burke's Principle of Perfection in the Definition of Man. The current research will also discuss the sharply gendered focus of the magazine and the contemporary construction of "Bridezilla".

65. Theory of mind development in friendships and romantic relationships: attribution style and intimacy
Jessica Parker, Jenny Christman, Nicole Guajardo
The current study examined the relationship between adult theory of mind (ToM) and factors affecting romantic relationships and friendships, specifically attribution style and intimacy. The degree to which an individual can understand another individual's thoughts and feelings can vary, such that adult theory of mind is determined according to the ability to understand not only one individual's feelings but two or three additional individuals' feelings. Researchers suggest that the type of attributions an individual makes is associated with cognitive processes, such as Tom (Kinderman, Dunbar, & Bentall, 1998). Individuals who report paranoia and delusions also report deficits in theory of mind skills (Randall, Corcoran, Day, & Bentall, 2003). These individuals also report making abnormal attributions in causal situations, specifically external-personal attributions (Kinderman, Dunbar, & Bentall, 1998). Research also indicates that couples report decreased marital satisfaction when their partner makes causal attributions in the relationship (Fincham, Harold, & Gano-Phillips, 2000). Therefore, the current researcher suggests that participants with higher theory of mind scores will report higher intimacy levels among both friendships and romantic relationships. In addition, participants with higher theory of mind scores will make external-situational attributions rather than internal-personal attributions among friendships and romantic relationships. A total of six measures were used; 5 measures were distributed in paper form and 1 measure was displayed on a projector. The measures included The Relationship Attribution Measure, The Friendship Intimacy Scale, and a Theory of Mind measure. A total of approximately 100 participants volunteered for the current study. The results and implications of the results will be discussed.

66. Justification by faith as seen in Christianity
Rachael Noel, George Teschner, Kip Redick, Jouett Powell, Stephen Strehle
The topic of salvation is a highly debated topic not only within Christianity but also between other religions. According to Christianity it is through belief and not works that salvation is achieved. The paper argues that Faith, defined as the complete surrender to God is the sole way to achieve salvation. Works, by contrast, or the act of doing anything in effort to gain favor in the sight of God, is only the outward expression of faith rather than a means to salvation. Salvation by works removes the need for God and assumes that man t has the ability to save himself. Scripture emphasizes both faith and works; however, without a change in character, man cannot be truly saved. The paper argues that salvation in Christianity requires three things: Grace that is given by God to man in order to receive salvation, belief in Christ as the Savior, and faith that Christ is the only way to receive salvation from God.

67. Tracing the literary evolution of the vampire
Theodore D. Hellmann, Sharon Rowley
Although science fiction writers seem to have altered the image of the vampire so drastically that it is sometimes difficult to identify their vampires to the vampires of their predecessors, the history of vampire stories has actually been one of incremental evolution. That is, there are continuities as well as discernable turning points where the image of the vampire has rapidly and radically mutated. This paper analyzes the several paradigm shifts that are particularly important to the literary evolution of vampires from the perspective of 20th century fiction: it starts off with an analysis of Eastern European vampire folklore, as these stories form the foundation upon which vampire fiction is built; it then moves on to examine the transition from folklore to fiction; next is a consideration of Bram Stoker's Dracula, possibly the single most important work of vampire literature; and then moves on to the most recent shift, which occurred when writers from the newly-formed science fiction genre began experimenting with vampires in their writings. It is this last shift that is most important to our current conception of the vampirse. The leap made by science fiction writers, however, couldn't have been made without the accomplishments of its predecessors, who laid the stepping stones that guided vampires into the postmodern age.

68. Reactions to gendered fast food advertisements
Emily Seamon, Linda Baughman
Advertising is a very tricky business, commercials are used to attract new consumers to products, they are exaggerated and over the top, but are they effective? Advertising is used in every media available, including television, radio, magazine, and newspaper, the side of a bus or building and flyers taped to trees. Advertising is absolutely everywhere. Advertising tends to fall into stereotypes, it makes the women out to be housewives and helpless, while shows men to be the breadwinners, the strong muscular and dumb ones. Advertising is a very diverse way to get a product out into the market. The major problem with advertising is that it tends to follow stereotypes of men and women and over exaggerate them, thereby offending the viewer. I studied two Hardee's commercials, the "without us, some guys would starve" and the newer advertisements for the new buffalo taco salad with the slogan "because you can't eat burgers all the time", featuring a masculine woman. Advertisers try to keep their commercials light and funny or serious and overdone. Gendered advertising has fallen to the stereotypes of women as housewives and men as breadwinners and muscle men only. In my research, I intend to find out through a focus group how men react to inappropriate gendered fast food television commercials. In my research I hope to find out how men react to fast food advertisements that over exaggerate how men like themselves act, through my focus group I intend to get answers to these questions and then compare it to outside research.

69. Quantitative research, values, and leadership study
Justin Pritchett, Robert E. Colvin
Leadership Studies is an interdisciplinary social science and is often associated with anthropology, psychology, and sociology. In the social science tradition, many leadership researchers have used quantification as the primary means of investigating leadership. However, this methodological tradition is not the most effective means of understanding leadership and may have inadvertently distracted scholars from discovering the core of leadership. Leadership at is most essential level cannot be reduced to quantitative data. While there is a place for quantitative analysis, these methods study merely the peripherals and observable behavioral processes of leadership. The essence of leadership, in contrast, can be examined only through philosophical and moral analysis. Values distinguish and define the means and purposes of leadership. This presentation argues that leadership is a philosophical undertaking and by its nature requires examining leadership first and fundamentally through the lens of moral reasoning. Only then can we come to the point where quantitative research becomes beneficial in informing our understanding. The essential values of leadership are not the numerical values assigned to variables under study.

70. Vlad-Dracula and the fear of the other
Cayce Leigh Canipe, Sharon Rowley
For the past thirty years, critics and readers alike have been on the hunt for a historical Dracula, the "father" of all vampires. The search itself began with the aptly titled In Search of Dracula: A History of Vampire and Dracula, by Radu Florescu and Raymond T. McNally. Their study draws connections between the novel and historical information to which Stoker may or may not have had access. Although some of their claims are questionable at best, their book inspired a flurry of scholarship, speculation, and internet activity that continues to this day Ð to the degree that a Google search of "Vlad Dracula" turns up over 351,000 sites. This paper asks the question: "Why are readers and critics, especially those of western culture, so fixated on Vlad Tepes being the historical Dracula?" Through the review of historical facts and the use of Julia Kristeva's concept of the abject, the connection between the fictional character and the historical man may be explained as a mechanism to overcome fear of something foreign or other. Vampires in general and, especially Dracula can be read as a symbol through which Western culture rejects its own fears and violence by transferring them to a character and a "Transylvanian" culture that never really existed.

71. The Revolution via Cinema
Sandra Short, Georgeta Georgescu
This paper will be exploring the political and social ideas that resulted from the French Revolution and their presence in modern French culture, specifically in French cinema. Film examples will include but not be limited to "Les Visiteurs", "Ridicule", "Marius et Jeannette" and "Le Dernier Metro".

72. The impact of Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda's life on her poetry
Mandy Thomson, Elaine Miller
The works of Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, a nineteenth-century Cuban poet, were significantly impacted by the events in her life. She wrote two poems by the same name, "A él," approximately ten years apart, that vary drastically in content, tone and use of symbols. The second poem, which is of a more distressing tone, was written after the termination of a fifteen year correspondence with Ignacio de Cepeda, whom Avellaneda loved. The difference can be also be accounted for when considering the numerous additional difficulties suffered in her personal life, to include abandonment and the death of her daughter, which also occurred in the time period between the two poems.

73. The contribution of cognitive flexibility to reading fluency in university students
Allison M. Bock, Michael Montano, Marisa C. Issac, Kelly B. Cartwright
Fluent reading requires simultaneous operation of multiple processes, including identification and comprehension of words. Fluency is improved by frequent reading, but little is known about the cognitive basis for fluency. The relation of phonological- semantic cognitive flexibility to reading fluency, word identification, reading frequency, and comprehension was examined in 72 university students. After controlling for verbal ability and reading frequency, flexibility contributed uniquely to fluency, fluency contributed uniquely to word identification, which contributed uniquely to comprehension.

74. Negative Campaigning in Presidential Elections: An Examination of Television Commercials, 1952-2004
Sabrina Carlson, Pamela Dunning
This research qualitatively tests whether or not negative campaigning is increasing in presidential elections. Previous research on negative campaigns has examined whether or not it is effective, if it demobilizes the electorate in terms of decreasing voter turnout, and assessed the candidates' decision to utilize negative tactics. These studies are used in a literature review; however, this research extends on the existing negative campaign studies to actually explore the claim that it is increasing. Every political commercial of the Republican and Democratic presidential candidates from 1952 through 2004 is analyzed. Each commercial is evaluated and categorized as a positive, negative,